Update

Missa Brevis = Missa Brevis No. 1 = Missa Historiae

Since I’ve now written more than one Missa Brevis, the original setting (which is what this page is about) has been renamed from just Missa Brevis to Missa Historiae (Missa Brevis No. 1). Similarly, the new masses are named to reflect the personality of each mass setting: Missa Dramatica (Missa Brevis No. 2) and Missa Cantus (Missa Brevis No. 3), and hopefully more will be added to the mix as some point in the future! However, for now, this page and the music (PDFs) therein will reflect the old name (i.e. just Missa Brevis) until I have the time to update everything to reflect the new name (Missa Historiae (Missa Brevis No. 1)).

Fraley-MissaBrevis-Perusal

Overview

Fraley’s Missa Brevis is a setting of the Latin ordinary mass for unaccompanied mixed voices, so named because of its short length (approximately 17 minutes). A promotional video by the Cascadian Chorale for the concert premiere features a portion of the Agnus Dei at 2:15. There are also Video Scores available for the Kyrie and the Agnus Dei at YouTube.

This page contains many resources: performance notes for the director and choir; comments about the piece by the composer; resources for the performers (recordings to help with between-rehearsal practice).

Purchase Missa Brevis

Vocal Score: (SATB staves only) $9.95

Composer’s Corner

A Brief History

Missa Brevis has a bit of a long history. The earliest portion of it was started in 2002 after I had been working on Yorkminster Lights, an orchestral tone poem which involved a lot of counterpoint. Still being in the mood to write counterpoint, I started a madrigal; but lacking a specific text and ensemble, that project languished. Fast-forward to 2005, I was writing a Good Friday anthem and “resurrected” the madrigal, which I used as the instrumental introduction to the piece In the Shadow of the Son. Being very happy with the results, I thought that was the end—until I needed a quick Kyrie setting, at which point the music finally saw its originally intended instrumentation: voices. This is the version I showed to Cascadian Chorale director Gary D. Cannon who suggested I should continue this work and write an entire a cappella mass setting. About a year later, I freed up enough time to write Missa Brevis over the summer of 2010. The Kyrie of this mass is a slightly extended version of the original “quick” Kyrie setting.

Designing a Mass Setting

My intent from the start was to write an a cappella setting of the Latin ordinary mass suitable for concert performance, with portions of it still suitable for modern church worship. After studying many comparable settings, I decided to write for a single choir rather than double or antiphonal choirs. Doing so, however, presents some unique challenges in terms of preserving interest and forward momentum (both of which would have been easier if I had used a second choir).

One of my favorite topics is the development of harmony from dronality and chant. I decided to use this progression as a means of keeping the listener interested in the mass, and several movements illustrate this development, as does the mass as a whole. For example, the first movement (Kyrie) illustrates the moderately developed harmony from the 16th Century, while the last movement (Agnus Dei) illustrates the highly developed romantic harmony. Two movements in particular also illustrate this development of harmony in their internal structure. The Gloria starts with a chant (the incipit), which forms the thematic basis of the work. Thus, we first hear the chant unadorned, then rendered in a very simple counterpoint using 4ths and 5ths as the primary intervals, and throughout the movement we encounter several organum-like passages in parallel 4ths and 5ths, with more modern-like treatments appearing towards the end of the movement. The Credo is even more explicit, starting with a unison chant, progressing to chant in parallel 5ths, to chant in parallel major 3rds and 5ths (i.e. parallel major chords), then minor 3rds, then something akin to a major cadence is encountered, then very simple imitation, which becomes more sophisticated, and begins to sound more like modern counterpoint, then modern chords, all while retaining a “core” that is still chant. So while this mass setting is thoroughly modern, it is at the same time thoroughly old.

A second big challenge was setting the Credo. Because the creed has such a long text, it can easily unbalance the other movements of the mass, especially for a short mass (“missa brevis”) where the length of the mass is typically under 30 minutes. Composers often employ creative solutions: the Credo might be divided into multiple movements; or, the words of the different sections of the creed might be overlapped to shorten the length (at the cost of clarity). Ultimately, I devised a solution that retains clarity of the text: I employ an aggressive tempo and a very free use of rhythm while avoiding all but the most essential musical repetitions. I was amazed to find that I could fit the whole Credo into less than 3 minutes!

The Movements

The Kyrie is a straight-forward motet in ABA form, corresponding to the form of the text. The A sections are from my first Kyrie setting. Adding the contrasting B section (“Christe eleison”), serves many purposes: it adds symmetry to the movement that both balances the movement musically and helps clarify the text; it also adds enough length to keep the Kyrie in balance with the Gloria and the Credo.

The Gloria is more declamatory, which suits the text very well. This declamatory mood is further supported by the movement’s harmonic design, which is based on Pythagorean harmony (based mostly on 5ths and compounds of 5ths), making liberal use of parallel 5ths and 4ths. The Gloria’s length and emphatic style make this movement the spiritual center of the whole mass.

The Gloria is immediately followed by a long, fugal Amen, set as a separate movement (although technically, it is part of the text of the Gloria). Notice how the counterpoint of this movement contrasts with the Kyrie’s 16th Century-based counterpoint—this movement borrows more from 18th Century counterpoint, but its harmonic structure is identical to the Gloria.

The Credo is a highly compact movement—less than three minutes in spite of the long text—that paints the meaning of the text with melody, harmony, and texture.

The Sanctus features an expressive baritone solo, which climaxes in an exuberant “Hosanna!”.

The Agnus Dei is contemplative, built on a harmonic structure that underscores the text. The movement employs AAB as its form, but with some significant twists. Over the course of each “A” section, the music modulates down a whole-step. Thus the second “A” section is identical except for this transposition (and a slight elongation of the melody towards the end). The start of the “B” section at first appears to be another repetition of the “A” section (yet again transposed down a whole step), but the first phrase does not resolve the way we expect, creating a tension that resolves via a modulation into F Major once we reach the text “dona nobis pacem” (“grant us peace”). Thus, the handling of the harmonic tension not only creates a compelling and satisfying musical experience, but also directly reflects the text.

Performance Notes

The mass is approximately 17 to 20 minutes long: (all durations are approximate)

I.	Kyrie	2:50
II.	Gloria	4:45
III.	Amen	1:45
IV.	Credo	3:20
V.	Sanctus	2:20
VI.	Agnus Dei	3:00
	Total Time:	17 to 20 minutes

Detailed Notes:

The mass is to be performed without accompaniment.
The text should be clear at all times, and the music should be phrased to the text.
All tempos are approximate. The conductor is free to match the tempos to the performance space and chorus.
In the Kyrie, the starting and ending Kyrie secions (mm. 1-15, 33-47) should be sung as if there were no metrical accents. These passages should be flowing.
The incipit before the Gloria is optional, but recommended, and is ideally sung by a male voice.
The Amen follows the Gloria with no more than a short pause.
In the Amen, vowels in parenthesis (e.g. “(a)”) are to be rearticulated.
Although the Credo has bar lines, in concept it completely meterless—there are no metrical stresses, and therefore the word stresses are the only stresses present in the music.
As the Credo changes meters, the eighth-note tempo remains the same.
In the Credo (mm. 70-71) and in the Sanctus (mm. 1-4, 22-26, 39 beat three-57 beat two) the three voice SSA passages should be evenly split among the treble (SA) voices, rather than treated as just a divisi of the soprano voices. Outside of these passages, the divisi apply only to the voice(s) in which it is notated.
When performed by larger choirs, the opening of the Sanctus (mm. 1-17) should be sung by a semi-chorus of SAT to accompany the solo Baritone.

Performer Resources

To help choirs prepare, here are several recordings of Missa Brevis. Please note that your director will likely choose different tempos, and conduct tempo changes differently than on these recordings. These recordings are not authoritative, but rather are a useful aid for learning notes and for getting a feel for the piece. As always, keep one eye up and follow your director!

Note that in some of these recordings (i.e. the Soprano only, Alto only, etc.), long rests are shortened to about 3 seconds.

Please note that these recordings are protected by copyright—please do not post them to other web sites, and if you wish to link to these recordings, please link to this page, not directly to the MP3 file. If you’ve purchased an adequate number of octavos for your group, you may burn an audio CD with the relevant tracks for your members to use in preparing the music.

NOTE: These files were updated 19-Aug-2011 to refect changes made to very beginning of the Credo (mm. 1-3) and the ending of the Sanctus (mm. 58-61). These recordings now match version D8, and thus no longer refect the older version C4e.

For Everyone:

SATB played on piano (Updated 18-Aug-2011): I. Kyrie, II. Gloria, III. Amen, IV. Credo, V. Sanctus, VI. Agnus Dei

SATB played on piano, slower tempo (Updated 18-Aug-2011): I. Kyrie, II. Gloria, III. Amen, IV. Credo, V. Sanctus, VI. Agnus Dei

SATB played on piano, really slow tempo: III. Amen

Listen to Missa Brevis while viewing the perusal score:.

a cappella, Latin, Mass, Sacred, SATB

Missa Historiae (Missa Brevis No. 1)